If govt accepts this recommendation under 7th pay commission,Crores of jobs are likely to open.
By Unknown - 10:39 AM
There are many ways to create an object without new operator :-
1. Using newInstance method of Class class
Eg: Class clas = Class.forName("NewClass");
NewClass obj = (NewClass) clas.newInstance();
- Class.forName() loads the class and to create an object, we need to use newInstance() method of Class class.
2. Using clone() of java.lang.Object
Eg: NewClass obj = new NewClass();
NewClass obj2 = obj.clone();
- Creates copy of an existing object
Read Here : The Psychology Behind Why We Like, Share and Comment on Facebook
3. Using Object Deserialization
Eg : ObjectInputStream objStream = new ObjectInputStream(inputStream );
NewClass obj = (NewClass ) inStream.readObject();
4. Using ClassLoader
Eg: getClass().getClassLoader().loadClass("NewClass").newInstance();
5. Using Reflection
Eg: constructor.newInstance() and class.newInstance()
6. Also, it can be created using Factory Method.
1. Using newInstance method of Class class
Eg: Class clas = Class.forName("NewClass");
NewClass obj = (NewClass) clas.newInstance();
- Class.forName() loads the class and to create an object, we need to use newInstance() method of Class class.
2. Using clone() of java.lang.Object
Eg: NewClass obj = new NewClass();
NewClass obj2 = obj.clone();
- Creates copy of an existing object
Read Here : The Psychology Behind Why We Like, Share and Comment on Facebook
3. Using Object Deserialization
Eg : ObjectInputStream objStream = new ObjectInputStream(inputStream );
NewClass obj = (NewClass ) inStream.readObject();
4. Using ClassLoader
Eg: getClass().getClassLoader().loadClass("NewClass").newInstance();
5. Using Reflection
Eg: constructor.newInstance() and class.newInstance()
6. Also, it can be created using Factory Method.
You know you’ve done something right if a theatre full of critics and bloggers are clapping in a few scenes, especially when the said theatre is not Gaiety Galaxy and nor is the movie a Salman Khan starrer releasing on Eid. Brothers is exactly that, an entertaining film based on sibling rivalry. From Mahabharat to Deewar, Indians love good old family drama, and Brothers manages to hit the right notes. It’s rather surprising that the film is a remake of a Hollywood movie –Warrior, because this one has all the makings of a desi tearjerker.
The story is rather simple, two step-brothers face each other in a fight due to circumstances that were never really in their hands. Their father both binds them as well as seperates them due to his issues with alcoholism and his ill-treatment of their mother. The chemistry between Akshay Kumar and Sidharth Malhotra is awesome.
Talking about the heroes of this film, I remembered this thing Priyam (from Team MissMalini) often says about Akshay Kumar, that he’s a “taste the thunder” type of man. I never really got the phrase until I saw him get down and dirty on the streets of Bombay with tattooed arms and six-pack abs. This man can do anything, and by anything I mean, making my jaw drop with some of his stunts in the ring. Giving him great support is Sidharth Malhotra who looks every bit of the ‘bad boy‘ his character Monty is required to be. From his complete badassery (the part where he doesn’t wait for his opponent to signal defeat because he knows he has knocked him out) to his emotional scenes with his father, Sid has done a great job.
Jackie Shroff is aptly cast as Akshay and Sidharth’s troubled father, but I think he could have toned it down a little. Jacqueline Fernandez looks gorgeous and has done a decent job in the few scenes she has. Shefali Shah is brilliant in her cameo. Seriously, why doesn’t this woman do more movies? The supporting cast lead by Kiran Kumar, Ashutosh Rana, Raj Zutshi,Khulbhushan Kharbanda and Kavi Shastri is alright.
The music of Brothers is decent and thankfully no one is lip-syncing, except Kareena Kapoor in an unrequired item number. Bebo looks gorgeous, but her song really makes no difference to the movie. There are the ‘typical‘ emotional scenes the director Karan Malhotra has peppered the film with, some of which, made the audience groan a little. But because of a fantastic confrontation scene between Jackie and Shefali a few minutes before the interval, I forgive him for using the same old tropes Bollywood uses to stir emotions in the audience’s heart. The fight choreography is intense and as I said before, some of the stunts are jaw-dropping. The action and Akshay are the USPs of the movie, but I’ll give credit to Sidharth for summing up whatBrothers is all about in one line – Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham with Mixed Martial Arts.
Don’t miss it!
Rating: ***1/2
Source : Movie Review: Hello Brother(s)!
Your crazy friend visited hills
station. He posted video proof on Facebook and you liked it. Your neighbor
posted a photo of herself geeked-out as Lady Thor at Comic-Con. Pics on FB
or it didn’t happen. Well, by Loki, it did and you shared it.
If you’re
like the rest of us, you share your friends' posts often. You like, you
comment, you interact like crazy on Facebook, sometimes all day, almost as if
it’s a knee-jerk reaction. But you’re not quite sure why.
Why??? Why
do you do what you do on Facebook, you complicated lifeforms?
Well,
research predictably suggests that clicking “like,” the superficial currency of
online human connection, makes you feel involved. Like you care. And you bet Facebook knows this,
and, up until recently, it
cashed-in on what you like and more, big-time.
Liking
this, that and the other thing on Facebook gives the impression -- to you
and to others -- that you’re an attentive, engaged individual. You’re a good
person who openly displays empathy toward people in your friend circle,
deepening relationships with every like. At least it seems that way in your
activity log.
Or maybe
you’re just too lazy (admit it) to leave a comment. A “like” does the trick
quick, the digital version of an acknowledging nod or a thumbs up. When liking
branded content on Facebook Pages, your motivations are probably more
self-centered, sometimes scoring you a sweet coupon or decent discount.
Selfish? Nah. We just call that smart.
So why else
do we like the heck out of pics, pages and status updates? And what
compels us to comment? Is there a method to our social media madness? Well, lots of people -- marketers, researchers,
psychologists, bloggers, you name it -- seem to think so. There’s no shortage
of theories.
Here’s a
neat and tidy compilation of them, packed conveniently into another insightful
infographic from Entrepreneur contributor and online marketing
expert Neil Patel, co-founder and
CEO of Crazy Egg, Hello Bar and KISSmetrics.
If you own a business and you’re on Facebook, it’s worth a good look. Even if
you don’t, if you simply use Facebook for fun, you won’t want to miss it
either.
Read Original Here: The Psychology Behind Why We Like, Share and Comment on Facebook (Infographic)
There can be innumerable reasons for fans to watch their favourite actor's films. 'Khiladi' Kumar is ready to entice his followers one more time with 'Brothers'. This Dharma productions venture also stars their blue-eyed boy Sidharth Malhotra in the lead along with Akshay. The movie has created a lot buzz ever since its first look was released. The film promises to be different, and surely appears to be so from the looks of it. We list out top five reasons for you to book your tickets much in advance for 'Brothers'. Take a look at why you must this masala film in big screens:
Akshay Kumar
Action star Akshay Kumar will once again be seen punching some great packs on-screen. The 47-year-old actor will this time be seen inn a boxing ring and not street-fighting with goons. Akki will play the role of David Fernandes in the film. This is for the first time that Akshay will be seen playing a Christian on-screen. We are ready for some great action!
Sidharth Malhotra
We all have loved him so far as the cute-looking chocolatey hero on-screen. But with 'Brothers' this image of Sid is all set to break. The young actor will be rather seen in the boxing ring, fighting some serious stuff. This film will present Sidharth in a new light. So, all the female fans, keep watching!
Storyline
This film is an official remake of the Hollywood film 'Warrior', which released in 2011. 'Brothers' is based on mixed martial arts form. It has been helmed by Karan Malhotra and for the first time will see two actors Akshay and Sidharth together on-screen as brothers. Do you really need more reasons to watch this film?
Music
The music of 'Brothers' has been composed by Ajay-Atul and is already a hit among viewers. The special song featuring Kareena Kapoor Khan titled 'Mera Naam Mary' is a chartbuster already. The song has Bebo and Sid together for the very first time. It has been sung by Chinmayi Sripada. Also, the recently released song 'Sapna Jahan' by Sonu Nigam and Neeti Mohan is a soulful romantic number featuring Jacqueline Fernandez and Akshay Kumar.
Dharma productions
The film has been backed by a trusted production house. Dharma is known for producing entertainers for their audience. Directed by young filmmaker Punit Malhotra, this Hollywood remake can be expected to fetch great numbers in terms of Box Office success. Starring Akshay, Sidharth, Jackie Shroff, Jacqueline Fernandez and Shefali Shah, 'Brothers' is ready to fight it out on silver screens. Book your tickets for this one!
Read Original At : Top 5 reasons to watch akshay kumars brothers
Brothers Anthem | Official Song | Brothers | Akshay Kumar, Sidharth Malh...
By Unknown - 2:06 PM
But Abdul Kalam’s light will guide us to his dream destination: India as a knowledge superpower
Bharat has lost a Ratna, but the light from this jewel will guide us towards A P J Abdul Kalam’s dream destination: India as a knowledge superpower, in the first rank of nations. Our scientist-President — and one who was genuinely loved and admired across the masses — never measured success by material possessions.
For him, the counterpoint to poverty was the wealth of knowledge, in both its scientific and spiritual manifestations. As a hero of our defence programme, he shifted horizons; and as a seer of the spirit, he sought to liberate doctrine from the narrow confines of partisan tension to the transcendental space of harmony.
Every great life is a prism, and we bathe in those rays that find their way to us. His profound idealism was secure because it rested on a foundation of realism.
Every child of deprivation is a realist. Poverty does not encourage illusions. Poverty is a terrible inheritance; a child can be defeated even before he or she has begun to dream.
But Kalamji refused to be defeated by circumstances. As a boy, he had to support his studies by earning money as a newspaper vendor; today, page after page of the same newspapers are filled with his obituary notices.
He said that he would not be presumptuous enough to say that his life could be a role model for anybody; but if some poor child living in an obscure and underprivileged social setting found some solace in the way his destiny had been shaped, it could perhaps help such children liberate themselves from the bondage of illusory backwardness and helplessness.
He is my marg darshak, as well as that of every such child.
His character, commitment and inspirational vision shine through his life. He was unencumbered by ego; flattery left him cold.
He was equally at ease before an audience of suave, globe-trotting ministers and a class of young students. The first thing that struck one about him was that, uniquely, he combined the honesty of a child with the energy of a teenager and the maturity of an adult.
He took little from the world, and gave all he could to society. A man of deep faith, he epitomised the three great virtues of our civilisation: dama, self-restraint; dana, sacrifice; and daya, compassion.
But this persona was powered by the fire of endeavour. His vision for the nation was anchored in freedom, development and strength.
Given our history, freedom had a political context of course; but it also included freedom of the mind and expansion of intellectual space. He wanted India to leap out of the underdeveloped trough and eliminate the curse of poverty through inclusive economic growth.
Wisely, he suggested that politicians spend only 30% of their time on politics, and 70% on development; a suggestion which he often followed up by calling in MPs from a state and discussing the socioeconomic issues of their region with them.
The third pillar, strength, was not born of aggression, but of understanding. An insecure nation will rarely discover the route to prosperity. Strength commands respect. His contributions to our nuclear and space achievements have given India the muscle to be confident of her place in the region and the world.
His memory is best honoured by the creation of new institutions that nurture science and technology, and enable us to find a beneficial equation with the awesome power of nature. Too often, greed makes us predators of our environment.
Kalamji saw poetry in a tree, and energy that could be harnessed in water, wind and sun. We should learn to look at our world through his eyes, and with the same missionary zeal.
Human beings can shape their lives through will, persistence, ability and sheer courage. But we have not been given the right to script where we are born, or how and when we die.
However, if Kalamji had been offered an option, this is how he would perhaps have chosen to say goodbye: on his feet, and in front of a classroom of his beloved students.
As a bachelor, he was childless. But that is wrong. He was a father to every Indian child, teaching, cajoling, urging, exciting, clearing darkness wherever he found it with the radiance of his vision and the passion of his involvement.
He saw the future, and showed the way. As I entered the room where his body lay in state yesterday, I noticed the painting at the entrance that depicted a few lines from an inspirational book he wrote for children, Ignited Minds.
The good that he did will not be interred with his bones, because his children will preserve his memory through their lives and work, and gift it to their children.
Ream Original Post At : Bharat has lost its Ratna
What
is HTML?
HTML is a language for describing
web pages.
- HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
- HTML is a markup language
- A markup language is a set of markup tags
- The tags describe document content
- HTML documents contain HTML tags and
plain text
- HTML documents are also called web pages
HTML
Tags
HTML markup tags are usually called
HTML tags.
- HTML tags are keywords (tag names) surrounded by angle
brackets like <html>
- HTML tags normally come in pairs like <p>
and </p>
- The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the
second tag is the end tag
- The end tag is written like the start tag, with a slash
before the tag name
- Start and end tags are also called opening tags
and closing tags
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1> Atul Chavan</h1>
<p> Jade Global</p>
</body>
</html>
Example
Explained
- The DOCTYPE declaration defines the document type
HTML5
<!DOCTYPE html>
HTML 4.01
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01
Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
XHTML 1.0
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0
Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
- The text between <html> and </html>
describes the web page
- The text between <body> and </body> is the
visible page content
- The text between <h1> and </h1> is
displayed as a heading
- The text between <p> and </p> is displayed
as a paragraph
HTML Headings
HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.
Example
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<h2>This is a heading</h2>
<h3>This is a heading</h3>
<h2>This is a heading</h2>
<h3>This is a heading</h3>
HTML Link
<a href="http://www.rowdyboss.blogspot.com">This
is a link</a>
HTML Tag Reference
You will learn more about HTML tags and attributes in the next chapters of
this tutorial.|
Tag
|
Description
|
|
Defines an HTML document
|
|
|
Defines the document's body
|
|
|
Defines HTML headings
|
|
|
Defines a horizontal line
|
|
|
Defines a comment
|
HTML Text Formatting Tags
|
Tag
|
Description
|
|
Defines bold text
|
|
|
Defines emphasized text
|
|
|
Defines a part of text in an alternate voice or mood
|
|
|
Defines smaller text
|
|
|
Defines important text
|
|
|
Defines subscripted text
|
|
|
Defines superscripted text
|
|
|
Defines inserted text
|
|
|
Defines deleted text
|
|
|
Defines marked/highlighted text
|
CSS Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<div style="opacity:0.5;position:absolute;left:50px;width:300px;height:150px;background-color:#40B3DF;"></div>
<div
style="font-family:verdana;padding:20px;border-radius:10px;border:10px
solid #EE872A;">
<div
style="opacity:0.3;position:absolute;left:120px;width:100px;height:200px;background-color:#8AC007;"></div>
<h3>Look! Styles and colors</h3>
<div style="letter-spacing:12px;">Manipulate
Text</div>
<div style="color:#40B3DF;">Colors <span
style="background-color:#B4009E;color:#ffffff;">Boxes</span></div>
<div style="color:#000000;">and
more...</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
Image Example
<!DOCTYPE
html>
<html>
<body>
<h2>Norwegian
Mountain Trip</h2>
<img
border="0" src="/images/pulpit.jpg" alt="Pulpit
rock" width="304" height="228">
</body>
</html>
Table Example
<table style="width:300px">
<tr>
<td>Jill</td>
<td>Smith</td>
<td>50</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Eve</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>94</td>
</tr>
</table>
<tr>
<td>Jill</td>
<td>Smith</td>
<td>50</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Eve</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>94</td>
</tr>
</table>
HTML Unordered Lists
An unordered list starts with the <ul> tag. Each list item starts with
the <li> tag.The list items are marked with bullets (typically small black circles).
<ul>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>
HTML Ordered Lists
An ordered list starts with the <ol> tag. Each list item starts with
the <li> tag.The list items are marked with numbers.
<ol>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>
HTML Description Lists
A description list is a list of terms/names, with a description of each
term/name.The <dl> tag defines a description list.
The <dl> tag is used in conjunction with <dt> (defines terms/names) and <dd> (describes each term/name):
<dl>
<dt>Coffee</dt>
<dd>- black hot drink</dd>
<dt>Milk</dt>
<dd>- white cold drink</dd>
</dl>
<dt>Coffee</dt>
<dd>- black hot drink</dd>
<dt>Milk</dt>
<dd>- white cold drink</dd>
</dl>
HTML Layouts - Using <div> Elements
The div element is a block level element used for grouping HTML elements.The following example uses five div elements to create a multiple column layout, creating the same result as in the previous example:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<div id="container" style="width:500px">
<div id="header" style="background-color:#FFA500;">
<h1 style="margin-bottom:0;">Main Title of Web Page</h1></div>
<div id="menu" style="background-color:#FFD700;height:200px;width:100px;float:left;">
<b>Menu</b><br>
HTML<br>
CSS<br>
JavaScript</div>
<div id="content" style="background-color:#EEEEEE;height:200px;width:400px;float:left;">
Content goes here</div>
<div id="footer" style="background-color:#FFA500;clear:both;text-align:center;">
Copyright © W3Schools.com</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
<html>
<body>
<div id="container" style="width:500px">
<div id="header" style="background-color:#FFA500;">
<h1 style="margin-bottom:0;">Main Title of Web Page</h1></div>
<div id="menu" style="background-color:#FFD700;height:200px;width:100px;float:left;">
<b>Menu</b><br>
HTML<br>
CSS<br>
JavaScript</div>
<div id="content" style="background-color:#EEEEEE;height:200px;width:400px;float:left;">
Content goes here</div>
<div id="footer" style="background-color:#FFA500;clear:both;text-align:center;">
Copyright © W3Schools.com</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
HTML Forms - The Input Element
The most important form element is the <input> element. The <input> element is used to select user information.
An <input> element can vary in many ways, depending on the type attribute. An <input> element can be of type text field, checkbox, password, radio button, submit button, and more.
The most common input types are described below.
Text Fields
<input type="text"> defines a one-line input field that a
user can enter text into:
<form>
First name: <input type="text" name="firstname"><br>
Last name: <input type="text" name="lastname">
</form>
Note: The form itself is not visible. Also note that the default
width of a text field is 20 characters. First name: <input type="text" name="firstname"><br>
Last name: <input type="text" name="lastname">
</form>
Radio Buttons
<input type="radio"> defines a radio button. Radio buttons
let a user select ONLY ONE of a limited number of choices:
<form>
<input type="radio" name="sex" value="male">Male<br>
<input type="radio" name="sex" value="female">Female
</form>
<input type="radio" name="sex" value="male">Male<br>
<input type="radio" name="sex" value="female">Female
</form>
Checkboxes
<input type="checkbox"> defines a checkbox. Checkboxes let a
user select ZERO or MORE options of a limited number of choices.
<form>
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Bike">I have a bike<br>
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Car">I have a car
</form>
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Bike">I have a bike<br>
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Car">I have a car
</form>
Submit Button
<input type="submit"> defines a submit button.A submit button is used to send form data to a server. The data is sent to the page specified in the form's action attribute. The file defined in the action attribute usually does something with the received input:
<form name="input"
action="demo_form_action.asp" method="get">
Username: <input type="text" name="user">
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>
Username: <input type="text" name="user">
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>
Iframe - Set Height and Width
The height and width attributes are used to specify the height and width of
the iframe.The attribute values are specified in pixels by default, but they can also be in percent (like "80%").
Example
<iframe src="demo_iframe.htm"
width="200" height="200"></iframe>
HTML Links - The id Attribute
The id attribute can be used to create a bookmark inside an HTML document.Tip: Bookmarks are not displayed in any special way. They are invisible to the reader.
Example
An anchor with an id inside an HTML document:
<a id="tips">Useful Tips Section</a>
Create a link to the "Useful Tips Section" inside the same
document:
<a href="#tips">Visit the Useful Tips
Section</a>
Or, create a link to the "Useful Tips Section" from another page:
<a href=" http://www.rowdyboss.blogspot.com/html_links.htm#tips">
Visit the Useful Tips Section</a>
Visit the Useful Tips Section</a>
Let us say you are a
farmer and you have mango plantation (keeping in line with the season's favorite.
You do hard labor and work day and night and grow 100 kg mangoes every year.
Now, one cannot live his life eating only mangoes, And since mango is a good seasonal fruit, good for health, and not to mention utterly delicious, there would be others who'd happily trade their farm products, say wheat, for some of your mangoes. Realizing this, you decide to exchange your mangoes for other products. You tell about it to your friend who has wheat farms. Incidentally, he happens to be a mango lover like me and together you develop a rate of exchange, with mutual understanding of course in this example, say, 5 kg mangoes for 10 kg of wheat. You give him 10 kg mangoes and get 20 kg wheat for your family, which you assume should suffice for 6 months. You do the same thing with your other friends as well in exchange for pulses, rice, vegetables etc.
Now, past 6 months comes winter, and your supplies have started to diminish. Moreover, you do not have any mangoes to offer in exchange for wheat and other commodities. But without the commodities you won’t survive for next six months. Now what should, or rather, what could you trade in exchange for wheat?
You find a solution. You go to your best friend who trusts you a lot, and you promise to give him 5 kg of mangoes next summer for 10 kg of wheat right now. He thinks about it for a while. There are of course things to be concerned here. What if you refuse to give him mangoes later? What if the mangoes you give him aren't good quality? What if next year is a drought and there are no mangoes?
Let us say for the sake of simplicity here that your friend here thinks about it but on goodwill and years of friendship, he trusts you and agrees. Similarly, you go to your other friends, gain their confidence and promise them some mangoes next summer for providing you with supplies right now. Now, what you have done here is that you have developed a trading system wherein you trade items and commodities for other items and commodities. And the trading currency is none other than the "items and commodities".
But now, since you are trading with so many different people at different time, it is getting difficult for you to keep track of how much mangoes you owe to whom. So what you do is that you start handing over promissory notes to the people you trade with, with your sign on it and the amount of mangoes you owe them. So next summer, whenever you have mangoes harvested, people come to you, show you the promissory note with your sign on it, and take the mangoes.
But there is a problem with this system: you are promising X kg of mangoes which you have not harvested yet, i.e., which do not exist. Similarly you would have supplied mangoes to someone for a certain commodity he'll have in future but doesn't have it now. And then there is always a risk factor, i.e., next year maybe a dry one and you may not have enough mangoes to trade.
Realizing this, you are worried now. You need a damage control. You consult this with your trusted friend and ask him how to avoid possible damage. Now this friend of yours is quite a trader himself and has traveled many cities and traded with many people. He tells you not to worry about it and that he'll let you on a little secret. He explains it to you how people will need mango no matter what: after all it is a seasonal fruit and very delicious. Now if there is less growth of mangoes next year, then he can ask to negotiate exchange rates in his favor, i.e., more commodities for same amount of mangoes. Simply put, due to scarcity, his mangoes will become costly.
You get it a little bit, but you are still confused. You wonder how will you negotiate rates when you do not know how much mangoes you are going to harvest next year; how can you negotiate when there is uncertainty? Your friend smiles, and tells you that you can. He suggests you to issue only a certain value of promissory notes, let’s say 1000, and then do the trading with these notes after declaring their new meaning to the traders. These 1000 notes will represent 100% of your harvest, no matter how much you harvest. So if there is a guy with your promissory notes valuing to 100, he''ll have 10% of your harvest next summer, no matter how much you harvest. He can also decide to not exchange it for mangoes next year when there is a drought, and wait for next to next year hoping for more amount of mangoes then. Let’s call your promissory notes as Mango Currency (MC)
All goes good and the mangoes, being good quality and sweeter than its competitors, are valued more. People want to buy mangoes from you even if they have to pay more. This means the value of MC gets more, only a few people can afford it. The very lower class, who wants to eat mangoes but cannot get hold of MC due to its high value is suffering. This also causes you loss in business since people are now holding MC instead of trading it for mangoes since the value is increasing. Since mangoes are not being traded, they are rotting in the collecting compound with very less people to buy them, causing you huge loss. You now need to keep the value of MC in check so that people do not hold up to it.
You go to your friend again and consult him on how to keep value of MC in check. He tells you to simply issue more promissory notes. Since the total sum of promissory notes is equal to 100 % of your harvest, if you issue 1000 more promissory notes in addition to the initial 1000 that you've had, the value of MC would be halved. 100 MC that was 10% of the harvest would now only be 5% of your harvest. (This is also how RBI keeps the value of Rupee under check, else Economic activity of country would go down)
Now you have developed a good trade system and also know how to keep the value of MC under check by regulating the supply of promissory notes. Now you decide to expand your business. You go to your best friend who deals in wheat and has currency WC (Wheat Currency). He is already doing very good in business and has surplus money. You tell him about your plans to expand our business and your requirement of more money for expansion purpose. He listens to you and agrees to lend you some money at certain interest rate: he already has enough money and extra money sitting at home isn't earning him anything, so lending it to you for certain interest seems a good deal.
You borrow 500 WC from him. Now WC is quite strong in market. So much that 500 WC costs around 1000 MC (how much % of wheat harvest it represents doesn't matter).
Now, you use up all the WC for expansion but suffer heavy losses. All the WC went down into the drain. You bought some stuff from it and have it still, but it is not bringing you any revenue and nobody is ready to buy it back. You are now left with only a few MC (remember, your currency is also floating in the market; you have maybe 1200 MC at hand). To pay back 500 WC, you need 1000 MC. But if you give 1000 MC right now, your remaining business will not be able to sustain itself with only 200 MC at disposal and you'll eventually end up bankrupt.
You now think about possible way out. You plan to issue 2000 MC more, exchange 1000 MC for WC and return the loan. But if you issue more MC, the value of MC will be halved. Moreover, you cannot think of cheating because the value of various currencies is now checked by Association of Auditors and you need to report any more printing of currency to them before it can be floated in the market, and all the currencies are numbered to keep the authenticity in check
Basically, you are now left with only one option: to try to get your act together and grow your business back to what it was, and then further more to get enough MC with sufficient value, to be able to return the loan amount.
Now in the above scenario, let’s replace you with our country India, and replace mangoes you harvest with the economic activity that takes place in country; and replace your promissory notes, valuing to 100% of your harvest, to 100% of the economic activity in the country.
Now, back to the question: What happens when RBI prints more money to pay off bank loans? You should be able to guess it. More the money printed, lesser the value of currency. Money flowing in the country is nothing but standardized promissory notes issued by RBI. They are equivalent to the total economic activity of the country. If the economic activity does not increase in proportion to the money printed by RBI, the value of Indian Rupee will go down.
Now, one cannot live his life eating only mangoes, And since mango is a good seasonal fruit, good for health, and not to mention utterly delicious, there would be others who'd happily trade their farm products, say wheat, for some of your mangoes. Realizing this, you decide to exchange your mangoes for other products. You tell about it to your friend who has wheat farms. Incidentally, he happens to be a mango lover like me and together you develop a rate of exchange, with mutual understanding of course in this example, say, 5 kg mangoes for 10 kg of wheat. You give him 10 kg mangoes and get 20 kg wheat for your family, which you assume should suffice for 6 months. You do the same thing with your other friends as well in exchange for pulses, rice, vegetables etc.
Now, past 6 months comes winter, and your supplies have started to diminish. Moreover, you do not have any mangoes to offer in exchange for wheat and other commodities. But without the commodities you won’t survive for next six months. Now what should, or rather, what could you trade in exchange for wheat?
You find a solution. You go to your best friend who trusts you a lot, and you promise to give him 5 kg of mangoes next summer for 10 kg of wheat right now. He thinks about it for a while. There are of course things to be concerned here. What if you refuse to give him mangoes later? What if the mangoes you give him aren't good quality? What if next year is a drought and there are no mangoes?
Let us say for the sake of simplicity here that your friend here thinks about it but on goodwill and years of friendship, he trusts you and agrees. Similarly, you go to your other friends, gain their confidence and promise them some mangoes next summer for providing you with supplies right now. Now, what you have done here is that you have developed a trading system wherein you trade items and commodities for other items and commodities. And the trading currency is none other than the "items and commodities".
But now, since you are trading with so many different people at different time, it is getting difficult for you to keep track of how much mangoes you owe to whom. So what you do is that you start handing over promissory notes to the people you trade with, with your sign on it and the amount of mangoes you owe them. So next summer, whenever you have mangoes harvested, people come to you, show you the promissory note with your sign on it, and take the mangoes.
But there is a problem with this system: you are promising X kg of mangoes which you have not harvested yet, i.e., which do not exist. Similarly you would have supplied mangoes to someone for a certain commodity he'll have in future but doesn't have it now. And then there is always a risk factor, i.e., next year maybe a dry one and you may not have enough mangoes to trade.
Realizing this, you are worried now. You need a damage control. You consult this with your trusted friend and ask him how to avoid possible damage. Now this friend of yours is quite a trader himself and has traveled many cities and traded with many people. He tells you not to worry about it and that he'll let you on a little secret. He explains it to you how people will need mango no matter what: after all it is a seasonal fruit and very delicious. Now if there is less growth of mangoes next year, then he can ask to negotiate exchange rates in his favor, i.e., more commodities for same amount of mangoes. Simply put, due to scarcity, his mangoes will become costly.
You get it a little bit, but you are still confused. You wonder how will you negotiate rates when you do not know how much mangoes you are going to harvest next year; how can you negotiate when there is uncertainty? Your friend smiles, and tells you that you can. He suggests you to issue only a certain value of promissory notes, let’s say 1000, and then do the trading with these notes after declaring their new meaning to the traders. These 1000 notes will represent 100% of your harvest, no matter how much you harvest. So if there is a guy with your promissory notes valuing to 100, he''ll have 10% of your harvest next summer, no matter how much you harvest. He can also decide to not exchange it for mangoes next year when there is a drought, and wait for next to next year hoping for more amount of mangoes then. Let’s call your promissory notes as Mango Currency (MC)
All goes good and the mangoes, being good quality and sweeter than its competitors, are valued more. People want to buy mangoes from you even if they have to pay more. This means the value of MC gets more, only a few people can afford it. The very lower class, who wants to eat mangoes but cannot get hold of MC due to its high value is suffering. This also causes you loss in business since people are now holding MC instead of trading it for mangoes since the value is increasing. Since mangoes are not being traded, they are rotting in the collecting compound with very less people to buy them, causing you huge loss. You now need to keep the value of MC in check so that people do not hold up to it.
You go to your friend again and consult him on how to keep value of MC in check. He tells you to simply issue more promissory notes. Since the total sum of promissory notes is equal to 100 % of your harvest, if you issue 1000 more promissory notes in addition to the initial 1000 that you've had, the value of MC would be halved. 100 MC that was 10% of the harvest would now only be 5% of your harvest. (This is also how RBI keeps the value of Rupee under check, else Economic activity of country would go down)
Now you have developed a good trade system and also know how to keep the value of MC under check by regulating the supply of promissory notes. Now you decide to expand your business. You go to your best friend who deals in wheat and has currency WC (Wheat Currency). He is already doing very good in business and has surplus money. You tell him about your plans to expand our business and your requirement of more money for expansion purpose. He listens to you and agrees to lend you some money at certain interest rate: he already has enough money and extra money sitting at home isn't earning him anything, so lending it to you for certain interest seems a good deal.
You borrow 500 WC from him. Now WC is quite strong in market. So much that 500 WC costs around 1000 MC (how much % of wheat harvest it represents doesn't matter).
Now, you use up all the WC for expansion but suffer heavy losses. All the WC went down into the drain. You bought some stuff from it and have it still, but it is not bringing you any revenue and nobody is ready to buy it back. You are now left with only a few MC (remember, your currency is also floating in the market; you have maybe 1200 MC at hand). To pay back 500 WC, you need 1000 MC. But if you give 1000 MC right now, your remaining business will not be able to sustain itself with only 200 MC at disposal and you'll eventually end up bankrupt.
You now think about possible way out. You plan to issue 2000 MC more, exchange 1000 MC for WC and return the loan. But if you issue more MC, the value of MC will be halved. Moreover, you cannot think of cheating because the value of various currencies is now checked by Association of Auditors and you need to report any more printing of currency to them before it can be floated in the market, and all the currencies are numbered to keep the authenticity in check
Basically, you are now left with only one option: to try to get your act together and grow your business back to what it was, and then further more to get enough MC with sufficient value, to be able to return the loan amount.
Now in the above scenario, let’s replace you with our country India, and replace mangoes you harvest with the economic activity that takes place in country; and replace your promissory notes, valuing to 100% of your harvest, to 100% of the economic activity in the country.
Now, back to the question: What happens when RBI prints more money to pay off bank loans? You should be able to guess it. More the money printed, lesser the value of currency. Money flowing in the country is nothing but standardized promissory notes issued by RBI. They are equivalent to the total economic activity of the country. If the economic activity does not increase in proportion to the money printed by RBI, the value of Indian Rupee will go down.
And obviously, value of MC will go down with respect to promissory notes issued by other people for other commodities. So when value of Rupee goes down, it does w.r.t other currencies, USD being one of them.
It’s not difficult to guess that loans provided by World Bank are in USD. If money is printed to pay off the loan, value of Rupee goes down, which means you need more Indian Rupee to buy USD. As you can see, you cannot repay the loan unless you actually have the money, over and above what you’ll need to run the country.
